Effects of wind velocity and slope on flame properties
نویسندگان
چکیده
The combined effects of wind velocity and percent slope on flame length and angle were measured in an open-topped, tilting wind tunnel by burning fuel beds composed of vertical birch sticks and aspen excelsior. Mean flame length ranged from 0.08 to 1.69 m; 0.25 m was the maximum observed flame length for most backing fires. Flame angle ranged from -46o to 50o. Observed flame angle and length data were compared with predictions from several models applicable to fires on a horizontal surface. Two equations based on the Froude number underestimated flame angle for most wind and slope combinations; however, the data support theory that flame angle is a function of the square root of the Froude number. Discrepancies between data and predictions were attributed to measurement difficulties and slope effects. An equation based on Byram's convection number accounted for nearly half of the observed variation in flame angle (R 2= 0.46). Byram's original equation relating fireline intensity to flame length overestimated flame length. New parameter estimates were derived from the data. Testing of observed fire behavior under a wider range of conditions and at field scale is recommended. Résumé :Les effects combinés de la vitesse du vent et du pourcentage de pente sur la longueur et l'angle des flammes ont été mesurés dans une soufflerie à ciel ouvert et inclinable, en y brulant des agencements de combustibles composés de frisons de peuplier et de bâtonnets de bouleau disposés à la verticale. La longueur moyenne des flammes a varié entre 0,08 et 1,69 m. Pour la majorité des feux brûlant à contrevent, la longueur maximale des flammes a été de 0,25 m. L'angle des flammes a varié entre -46o et 50o. Les données observées de longueur et d'angle des flammes ont été comparées avec les valeurs prédites par plusieurs modèles applicables aux incendies se propageant sur une surface horizontale. Deux équations fondées sur l'indice de Froude ont sous-estimé l'angle des flammes pour la majorité des combinaisons de vent et de pente. Cependant, les données observées se conforment à la théorie stipulant que l'angle des flammes est une fonction de la racine carrée de l'indice de Froude. Les divergences entre les données observées et les valeurs prédites ont été attribuées aux difficultés de mesurage et aux effets de la pente. Une équation utilisant l'indice de convection de Byram a expliqué près de la moitié de la variation observée de l'angle des flammes (R 2 = 0,46). L'équation originale de Byram, reliant l'intensité frontale du feu à la longueur des flammes, a surestimé la longueur des flammes. De nouveaux estimateurs des paramètres de l'équation ont été dérivés des données. L'évaluation du comportement du feu observé dans un gamme plus vaste de conditions et à l'échelle du terrain est recommandée. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
منابع مشابه
Effects of Finite Sample Width on Transition and Flame Spread in Microgravity
In most microgravity studies of flame spread, the flame is assumed to be two-dimensional, and twodimensional models are used to aid data interpretation. However, since limited space is available in microgravity facilities, the flames are limited in size. It is important, therefore, to investigate the significance of three-dimensional effects. Three-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations of...
متن کاملSlope effects on the fluid dynamics of a fire spreading across a fuel bed: PIV measurements and OH* chemiluminescence imaging
Slope is among the most influencing factor affecting the spread of wildfires. A contribution to the understanding of the fluid dynamics of a fire spreading in these terrain conditions is provided in thepresent paper. Coupled optical diagnostics are used to study the slope effects on the flow induced by a fire at laboratory scale. Optical diagnostics consist of Particle Image Velocimetry, for in...
متن کاملInvestigating the Effect of Land Use and Soil’s Physio-chemical properties on Wind Erosion Threshold Velocities via Data Mining
Introduction: Wind erosion is a phenomenon that causes severe environmental changes in arid and semi-arid climates. As surface soil texture is very effective in soil erodibility, identifying soil erodibility index is important and efficient. Mismanagement greatly contributes to the development of wind erosion. The velocity that makes the first particles of soil move from the surface is called t...
متن کاملA numerical study on the effects of hydrogen addition levels, wall thermal conductivity and inlet velocity on methane/air pre-mixed flame in a micro reactor
In this study, the effect of the levels of hydrogen addition to methane-air premixed flame in a micro-stepped reactor has been studied numerically. In addition, the effects of mixture velocity and walls’ thermal conductivity (Kw) on the flame’s location, temperature, and species distribution in a micro reactor were calculated using a 2D numerical laminar steady code. The results showed that an ...
متن کاملA numerical study on the effects of hydrogen addition levels, wall thermal conductivity and inlet velocity on methane/air pre-mixed flame in a micro reactor
In this study, the effect of the levels of hydrogen addition to methane-air premixed flame in a micro-stepped reactor has been studied numerically. In addition, the effects of mixture velocity and walls’ thermal conductivity (Kw) on the flame’s location, temperature, and species distribution in a micro reactor were calculated using a 2D numerical laminar steady code. The results ...
متن کامل